Performance And Emission Characteristics Of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using Bio-Diesel With Scr Technology

In this study, the biodiesel produced from cottonseed oil was prepared by a method of Transesterification and its blends of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% in volume, and standard diesel fuel separately. The effects of biodiesel addition to diesel fuel on the performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of a naturally aspirated DI compression ignition engine were examined. Biodiesel has different properties from diesel fuel. A minor increase in specific fuel consumption (SFC) and reduced brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for biodiesel and its blends were observed compared with diesel fuel. The significant improvement in reduction of Hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke emission were found for biodiesel and its blends at high engine loads. Carbon monoxide (CO) had no evident variation for all tested fuels. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) were slightly higher for biodiesel and its blends. The significant improvement in reduction of NOx and a minor increase in CO2 and O2 were identified use of selective catalytic reduction (SCR).Biodiesel and its blends exhibited similar combustion stages to diesel fuel. The use of transesterified cottonseed oil can be partially substituted for the diesel fuel at most operating conditions in terms of the performance parameters and emissions without any engine modification. Keywords-Diesel Particulate Filter, Selective Catalytic Reduction, Oxides of Nitrogen, Environment Protection Agency, Hydro Carbons, Nitrogen Oxide, Nitrogen-di-Oxide INTRODUCTION One of the most important elements to effect world economy and politics is sustainability of petroleum resources, which is the main source of world energy supply. However, the world energy demand is increasing rapidly due to excessive use of the fuels but because of limited reservoirs and instabilities in petrol supplier countries makes difficult to always provide oil. Also, world is presently confronted with the crisis of fossil fuel depletion. The petroleum crises since 1970s and uncertain situation in suppliers like Venezuela, Nigeria, and Iraq have accelerated the increment of oil prices. The increasing demand of petroleum in developing countries like China, Russia and India has increased oil prices. Besides, the combustion of petroleum based fuels causes environmental problems, which threatens wild life and human life, impacts on the environment and human health. In addition, the combustion products cause global warming one of the most important world problem. The global warming is caused of emissions like carbon monoxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). In power system of using petroleum fuels, these components are emitted through the combustion process. Concerning environmental damage the transport sector has a clear responsibility. Its part in global warming potential has increased from year by year and now bigger than those of the domestic and industrial sectors, while it highly constitutes the total emissions of this pollution type. Diesel engines are mainly used in many fields, including electric production, transport of passenger and cargo, industrial and agricultural activities. Petroleum fuels are being used in diesel engines, which have a wide range of use in all sectors. With a probable situation that oil demand cannot be met by petroleum based fuels, all the sectors contributed by oil based energy will negatively be effected. With any probable petrol crisis, for all the sectors the alternative fuel is vital to be developed. In addition, pollutants have formed because of combustion of petroleum based fuels in diesel engines. Pollutants from diesel engines include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxides (SOx), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). NOx and PM are the two primary pollutants of diesel engines. It was stated by Lloyd and Cackete, that Diesel emissions contribute to the development of cancer; cardiovascular and respiratory health effects; pollution of air, water, and soil; soiling; reductions in visibility; and global climate change. Research on reducing emissions resulted from diesel engines and studies on decreased fuel consumption are being founded worldwide, especially in EU countries. There are many works on reliable researching and implementations and useful results came to exist. Research and developing alternative diesel engine fuel is one of the aspects of these studies. The alternative diesel fuels must be technically acceptable, economically competitive, environmentally acceptable and easily available. ReS.Gowthaman, K.Velmurugan / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, SeptemberOctober 2012, pp.1083-1089 1084 | P a g e searches on biodiesel derived from vegetable oils and animal fat are being maintained to alternate this kind of fuels to petroleum based diesel fuel. It has been concluded by many studies that as an alternative engine fuel biodiesel reduces the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), sulphur dioxide (SO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nitric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nPAH) and particulate matter (PM) but NOx to increase in the exhaust compared with diesel fuel. Biodiesel has higher cetane number than diesel fuel, no aromatics, almost no sulphur, contains high oxygen by weight, non-toxic, biodegradable and high lubricant abilityare its attractive properties. Although biodiesel has many advantages, it still has several properties, needed to be improved, such as lower calorific value, lower effective engine power, higher emission of NOx, and greater sensitivity to low temperatures. The choice of vegetable oil as engine fuel naturally depends upon the local conditions prevalent availability of a particular vegetable oil in excess amount. There are various oils which are being considered worldwide for use in the engines, these include Karanja oil, Rice bran oil, Sunflower oil, Soyabean oil, Pape seed oil, Madhucalatifolia oil, Jatropha oil and etc. From previous studies it is evident that these are various problems associated with vegetable oil, being used as fuel in C.I. Engines. There are mainly caused by the high viscosity value of the vegetable oil. This higher viscosity is due to free fatty acid present in the oil. This free fatty acid is due to large molecular mass and chemical structure of vegetable oil, which in turn leads to problem in pumping, combustion and atomization on C.I engines therefore it is necessary to reduce the free fatty acid and viscosity of vegetable oil to make it suitable as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. The various methods which have been enough to use vegetable oil efficiently some of them are, 1. Transesterification process 2. Pre heating the oil 3. Blending with diesel 4. Use of additives 5. Pyrolysis In this project work, Transesterification process has been taken as a process for conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel. Before Transesterification process, the sum amount of free fatty acid present in the oil has been estimated in the presence of monoglycerides and triglycerides. In this process the triglycerides in the vegetable oil are converted to their mono esters by reacting it with alcohol in the presence of a Potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. BIODIESEL Biodiesel is methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acid made from virgin or used vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) and animal fat. The main sources for biodiesel production can be non-edible oils obtained from plant species such as Jatrophacurcas (Ratanjyot), Pongamiapinnata (Karanj), Calophylluminophyllum (Nagchampa), Hevcabrasiliensis (Rubber) etc. Biodiesel can be blended in any proportion with mineral diesel to create a biodiesel blend or can be used in its pure form. Just like petroleum diesel, biodiesel operates in compression ignition (diesel) engine, and essentially requires very little or no engine modifications because biodiesel has properties similar to mineral diesel. It can be stored just like mineral diesel and hence does not require separate infrastructure. The use of biodiesel in conventional diesel engines results in substantial reduction in emission of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate. This review focuses on performance and emission of biodiesel in CI engines, combustion analysis, wear performance on long-term engine usage, and economic viability. BIO DIESEL AS ALTERNATE FUEL Bio diesel is the name of clean burning fuel, produced from domestic renewable resources. It contains no petroleum but it can be blended with at any level with petroleum diesel to greater biodiesel blend. It can be used in CI engine with no major modifications. It is simple to use, bio degradable, non-toxic and essentially free of sulphur and aromatics. CHEMISTRY OF BIODIESEL Chemically it is defined as the mono esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable lipid source. It is typically produced through the reaction of oil or animal fat with methanol or ethanol in presence of catalyst to yield glycerin and biodiesel. It can be used in neat from or blended with diesel for use in diesel engine their physical and chemical properties as relates to diesel fuel. NEED OF BIODIESEL For more than two countries, the world energy supplying has relied heavily on nonrenewable crude oil derived (fossil) liquid fuels out of which 90 % is estimated to be consumed for energy generation and transportation. It is also known that emissions from the combustion of these fuels are the principal causes of global warming and many countries have passed legislation top arrest their adverse environmental consequences with population increasing rapidly and many developing countries expanding their industrial base and output, worldwide energy demand is bound to increase on the other hand, known crude oil reserves cloud be depleted in less than 50 years at the present rate of consumption. This situation initiated and has sustained interest in identifying and channeling renewable raw materials into the manufacture of S.Gowthaman, K.Velmurugan / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, SeptemberOctober 2012, pp.1083-1089 1085 | P a g e liquid fuel alternatives because development of such biomass based power would ensure that new technologies are available to keep pace with society need for new renewable power alternative for future. Oil seed crops are by far the largest group of exploitable renewable biomass resource for liquid fuel and energy generation. SAFETY CONCERNS Biodiesel is safer to use than petroleum diesel. The flash point and fire point for biodiesel in its pure form is more than 148 oC versus 52 oC for regular diesel although firs are not frequent occurrence on locomotives yet if they occur than they devastating. EASY ADAPTABILITY Just like petroleum diesel biodiesel operates in combustion ignition engines. Essentially no engine modifications are required and it materials the pay load capacity and range of diesel. EMISSION REDUCTIONS FROM BIODIESEL Biodiesel reduces PM significantly. The use of biodiesel in conventional diesel engines result in substantial reduction of un burned HC, CO and PM. Since biodiesel is oxygenated, engines have more complete combustion than with ordinary diesel PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) PM emissions from biodiesel are 30% lower than overall PM emissions from diesel. HYDROCARBONS (HC) The total hydrocarbons exhaust emissions of (a contributing factor in the localized formation of smog and Ozone) where 93% lower for biodiesel than diesel fuel. NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX) NOx emission is from biodiesel increases or decreases depending on the engine family and testing procedures. NOx emission is (a contributing factor in the localized formation of smog and Ozone) from biodiesel increased by 13 %. However, biodiesel lack of sulphur allows the use of NOx control technologies that cannot be used with conventional diesel. So biodiesel NOx technologies are can be effectively eliminated as a concern of the fuels use. SMOG FORMATION The overall ozone (smog) forming potential of biodiesel is less than diesel fuel. The ozone forming potential of hydrocarbon emission is nearly 50% less than that measured for diesel fuel. SULPHUR EMISSIONS The exhaust emission of sulphur oxides and sulphates (major components of acid rain) form biodiesel are essentially eliminated compared to sulphur oxides and sulphates from diesel. CARBON MONOXIDES The exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide (a poisonous gas) from biodiesel are 50% lower than from the diesel engine. OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY OBJECTIVE The objective of the present work is to evaluate performance, emission and combustion on DI diesel engine run on different blends of biodiesel with sole fuel 1. Selecting suitable raw oil for producing biodiesel. 2. To ascertain the stability of the blends. 3. To analyze the physical and chemical properties of blends. 4. The blending ratio of biodiesel and diesel are B25, B50, B75and also B100 will be used. 5. Conducting the experiments with necessary equipment to study the performance, emission and Combustion characteristics in diesel engine using biodiesel blended fuel. 6. To find the best blend rate of the fuels based on the performance, combustion and emission. METHODOLOGY 1. Bio diesel is prepared from raw oil by transesterification process. 2. The engine was allowed to run with sole fuel at constant speed for nearly 10 minutes to attain the steady state condition at the lowest possible load and experimental procedure is done 3. The experimental procedure is repeated with B100 and also various blend ratios of bioDiesel (B25, B50 and B75 by volume). 4. The exhaust emissions like CO, HC, CO2, O2 and NOx are measured with the help of an AVL DI Gas analyzer. 5. Smoke density is measured by AVL smoke meter. 6. AVL combustion analyzer is used to measure the combustion characteristics of the engine. THE BIODIESEL PRODUCTION AND